Compostagem
A compostagem é o processo de transformação de materiais grosseiros, como palhada e estrume, em materiais orgânicos utilizáveis na agricultura. Este processo envolve transformações extremamente complexas de natureza bioquímica, promovidas por milhões de microorganismos do solo que têm na matéria orgânica in natura sua fonte de energia, nutrientes minerais e carbono. Por essa razão uma pilha de composto não é apenas um monte de lixo orgânico empilhado ou acondicionado em um compartimento. É um modo de fornecer as condições adequadas aos microorganismos para que esses degradem a matéria orgânica e disponibilizem nutrientes para as plantas.
Mas, o que é exatamente o composto?
Dito de maneira científica, o composto é o resultado da degradação biológica da matéria orgânica, em presença de oxigênio do ar, sob condições controladas pelo homem. Os produtos do processo de decomposição são: gás carbônico, calor, água e a matéria orgânica "compostada".
O composto possui nutrientes minerais tais como nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre que são assimilados em maior quantidade pelas raízes além de ferro, zinco, cobre, manganês, boro e outros que são absorvidos em quantidades menores e, por isto, denominados de micronutrientes. Quanto mais diversificados os materiais com os quais o composto é feito, maior será a variedade de nutrientes que poderá suprir. Os nutrientes do composto, ao contrário do que ocorre com os adubos sintéticos, são liberados lentamente, realizando a tão desejada "adubação de disponibilidade controlada". Em outras, palavras, fornecer composto às plantas é permitir que elas retirem os nutrientes de que precisam de acordo com as suas necessidades ao longo de um tempo maior do que teriam para aproveitar um adubo sintético e altamente solúvel, que é arrastado pelas águas das chuvas.
Outra importante contribuição do composto é que ele melhora a "saúde" do solo. A matéria orgânica compostada se liga às partículas (areia, limo e argila), formando pequenos grânulos que ajudam na retenção e drenagem da água e melhoram a aeração. Além disso, a presença de matéria orgânica no solo aumenta o número de minhocas, insetos e microorganismos desejáveis, o que reduz a incidência de doenças de plantas.
Dentro os benefícios proporcionados pela existência dessa cobertura morta no solo, destacam-se :
Estímulo ao desenvolvimento das raízes das plantas, que se tornam mais capazes de absorver água e nutrientes do solo.
Aumento da capacidade de infiltração de água, reduzindo a erosão.
Mantém estáveis a temperatura e os níveis de acidez do solo (pH).
Dificulta ou impede a germinação de sementes de plantas invasoras (daninhas).
Ativa a vida do solo, favorecendo a reprodução de microorganismos benéficos às culturas agrícolas.
Preparar o composto de forma correta significa proporcionar aos organismos responsáveis pela degradação, condições favoráveis de desenvolvimento e reprodução, ou seja, a pilha de composto deve possuir resíduos orgânicos, umidade e oxigênio em condições adequadas.
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